|
Zero copula is a linguistic phenomenon whereby the subject is joined to the predicate without overt marking of this relationship (like the copula 'to be' in English). One can distinguish languages that simply do not have a copula and languages that have a copula that is optional in some contexts. Many languages exhibit this in some contexts, including Bengali, Kannada, Malay/Indonesian, Turkish, Japanese, Ukrainian, Russian, Hungarian, Hebrew, Arabic, Berber, Ganda, Hawaiian, Sinhala, and American Sign Language. Dropping the copula is also found, to a lesser extent, in English and many other languages, used most frequently in rhetoric and casual speech. ==In English== Standard English exhibits a few limited forms of the zero copula. One is found in comparative correlatives like "the higher, the better" and "the more the merrier". However, no known language lacks this structure (aside from the invented language Toki Pona), and it is not clear how a comparative is joined with its correlate in this kind of copula.〔"Grammar Deconstructed: Constructions and the Curious Case of the Comparative Correlative" http://hdl.handle.net/1903/14114〕 Zero copula also appears in casual questions and statements like "you from out of town?" and "enough already!" where the verb (and more) may be omitted due to syncope. It can also be found, in a slightly different and more regular form, in the headlines of English newspapers, where short words and articles are generally omitted to conserve space. For example, a headline would more likely say "Parliament at a standstill" than "Parliament ''is'' at a standstill". Because headlines are generally simple "A is B" statements, an explicit copula is rarely necessary. The zero copula is far more common in some varieties of Caribbean creoles and African American Vernacular English, where phrases like "you crazy!", "where you at?", and "who she?", and a statement such as "I'm going over Carmen house.", can occur.〔"be." ''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition''. (see (Dictionary.com's definition ) under the "Our Living Language" note.)〕 As in Russian and Arabic, the copula can only be omitted in the present tense. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Zero copula」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|